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World War II: The heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis leaves San Francisco with parts for the atomic bomb "Little Boy" bound for Tinian Island.
Millennium Park, a public park in Chicago, Illinois, and one of the world's largest rooftop gardens, opened to the public.
World War II: The main three leaders of the Allied nations, Winston Churchill, Harry S. Truman and Joseph Stalin, hold the Potsdam Conference in the German city of Potsdam to decide the future of a de�
World Day for International Justice (International)
Laden with munitions for World War II, two ships exploded at the Port Chicago Naval Magazine in California, killing 320 people and injuring more than 400 others.
World War II: Hideki Tōjō resigns as Prime Minister of Japan because of numerous setbacks in the war effort.
World War II: During the Beisfjord massacre in Norway, 15 Norwegian paramilitary guards help members of the SS to kill 288 political prisoners from Yugoslavia.
World War II: Rome is heavily bombed by more than 500 Allied aircraft, inflicting thousands of casualties.
World War II: The Second Happy Time of Hitler's submarines comes to an end, as the increasingly effective American convoy system compels them to return to the central Atlantic.
World War II: Battle of Cape Spada: The Royal Navy and the Regia Marina clash; the Italian light cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni sinks, with 121 casualties.
World War II: Army order 112 forms the Intelligence Corps of the British Army.
World War I: Battle of Fromelles: British and Australian troops attack German trenches as part of the Battle of the Somme.
World War II: Adolf Hitler survives an assassination attempt led by German Army Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg.
World War I: The Corfu Declaration, which leads to the creation of the post-war Kingdom of Yugoslavia, is signed by the Yugoslav Committee and Kingdom of Serbia.
The world's lowest temperature in an inhabited location is recorded at Vostok Station, Antarctica at −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F).
World War II: Battle of Guam: American troops land on Guam, starting a battle that will end on August 10.
World War II: Claus von Stauffenberg and four fellow conspirators are executed for the July 20 plot to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
The Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, is destroyed by arson.
World War I: An Imperial German Navy U-boat opened fire on a small convoy of barges and defending aircraft near the American town of Orleans, Massachusetts.